French Revolution and the idea of the Nation

French Revolution and the idea of the Nation

 Elements that led to the development of collective Identity amongst French people in France : °

 Adoption of a constitution that gave citizen equal rights. Adoption of the new tricolor national flag replacing the former royal standard . 0 Ideas of citizenship (de citoyen) and the fatherland (la Patrie)  Abolition of internal custom duty on goods and free movement of capital .  Adoption of French as the common language.

Napoleonic Code OR civil code of 1804: .

 Napoleon destroyed democracy in France , but he incorporated revolutionary principal by introducing the civil code of 1804 , which came to be known as Napoleonic code . Main features : ° Removed all privileges based on birth ° Abolished the feudal system . ° Guild system removed . ° Transport and communication system improved. ° Secured the right to property

 The Making of Nationalism in Europe

 These are some important factors which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe: o Rise of middle class . I spread of ideology of Liberalism (latin word meaning free) . The new spirit of conservatism and the Treaty of Vienna. °

 The rise of Revolutionaries

 The Aristocracy and New middle class : ° Aristocracy :  They owned estates and property both in countryside and town houses I spoke trench and are numerically small group .  It was also united by a common way of life. ° Peasntry :  Majority in number ° Middle class :  Due to industrialisation , the new social groups - a working class and middle class came into being . Ex they consists of industrialists , businessmen and professionals. (It was among the educated , liberal middle class , the idea of national unity gained popularity .

 Meaning of liberal Nationalism :

 for new middle classes liberism stood for freedom for individual and equality for all before the law . ° In economic sphere , liberism stood for the freedom of market and abolition of state imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital . ° Zollverein abolished tariff barriers , reduced no.of currencies to two and promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility .

New conservatism after 1815 :

 After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 the spirit of conservatism became strong. They believed that traditional Institutions like the monarchy ,the church , social hierarchies , property and familyshould be preserved . Treaty of Vienna 4815) : ° Bourborn dynasty way restored to power in france . o A series of state created on the french boundary for preventing french expansion in future ° German confederation way left untouched. ° Main intension ways to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by napoleon. ° Power which defeated Napo lean collectively were involved in treaty . o New Autocratic Regimes didn't tolerate critBPcm. PII 20148 How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815 ? 1^ST

 The Age of Revolutions : 1830 - 1848 # Romantic Imagination and National :Ofeeling Culture played an Important role in creating the idea of the Nation . ° Art, poetry , stories , music shaped nationalist feelings. ° Romantic artists criticised reason and science ° Emotions, Intuition and mystical feeling were encouraged. ° Popularised true spirit of nation. ° Collected local folklore to spread nationalism even illiterates ° Used language to resists foreign dominance. PMT 2015: How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe ? Explain . GI centuries? 20119 Explain three ways in which nationalist feeling were kept alive in Poland in 18M$19tha 2010 : " Culture Played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe . " suppose the statement with Examples . GI # Hunger, Hardship and Revolts : 0 The first half of 19h century saw an enormous increase in population all over the Europe. ° Reduced Jobs . ° Cities were overcrowded. ° Stiff competition between handmade goods and cheap machine made goods . ° Rise of food prices . o shortage of food . ° Revolt of peasants and weavers revolted . M¥2017 : Describe any three hardships faced by Europe in 1830s . 131 2016 : " The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe? Support the statement with arguments . 131 2019 : explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe. 131 # The Revolution of Liberals : 1848 :- ° Along with the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the year 1848 , a revolution led by the educated middle classes was also under way . O Jn the parts of Europe where Independent nation-states did not yet exist - such as germany , Italy Poland ete , men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. ° They took advantage of the growing popular unrest all over Europe , to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles. The Making of Germany and Italy # Germany : ° Minister Otto von Bismark with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy took on the leadership of the movementfor National unification . o Three war over sevenyears ended in brassfan victory and completed the process of unification . o Kaiser William 2 of Prussia headed the New German Empire. # Italy : ° Italy was divided into seven States of which only Sardinia Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely state. ° Initially a unification programme was initiated by Giuseppe Garibaldi . ° In 1861 Victor Emmanuel I was proclaimed king of united Italy. o Garibaldi was also helped by Cavour and Mazzini . Large Part of Italy was illiterate. PH 2019 : Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the making of Germany . GI 2012 : Describe the process of ' Unification of Italy ' . GI Visualizing the Nation Artists in the l 8th and I 9th century found a way out by personifying nation . Nations were then portrayed as female figures . The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular women in real life . The female figure became an allegory of the nation . In france , the female allegory was christened Marianne and Germania became the allegory of the German nation . Nationalism and Imperialism # Balkans : The source of Nationalist Tension in Europe after 1871 : - ° It was too a region of geographical and ethnic variations . 0 It was inhabited by slaves and under control of Ottoman Empire. ° Ideas of nationalism swept over entire Balkan region . ° One by one different nationalities declared their independence through struggles . it ° It later became one of the causes of 1st World War